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CGPA = Σ(Grade Points × Credits) / Σ(Credits). Grade points vary by institution: A=10/4.0, B=8/3.0, etc. To convert CGPA to percentage: multiply by 9.5 (Anna University, most Indian universities). For VTU: CGPA × 10 − 0.75 (approximate). Always check your university's specific conversion formula.

Most Indian universities require 75% attendance to be eligible for exams. Some institutions require 80% or 85%. The UGC recommends 75% as the minimum. Attendance is usually calculated as (classes attended / total classes held) × 100. Medical leave may be excluded in some institutions.

Common conversions: Anna University / most Indian universities: Percentage ÷ 9.5 = CGPA. CBSE (Class 10): CGPA = Percentage ÷ 9.5. For US GPA (4.0 scale): 90%+ = 4.0, 80–89% = 3.0–3.9, 70–79% = 2.0–2.9. Always check your specific institution's scale.

SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average) is calculated for a single semester. CGPA (Cumulative GPA) is calculated across all semesters up to the current point. CGPA = weighted average of all semester SGPAs, where the weight is the number of credits per semester.

Class rank = position among students when sorted by marks/GPA from highest to lowest. Percentile rank = percentage of students scoring below you: (students below you / total students) × 100. A 90th percentile means you scored higher than 90% of students.